Published September 14, 2026
| Version v1
Acyclic Directed Mixed Graph
Open
Causal relationship between depressive symptoms and metabolic profile
Contributors
-
Melpomeni Bazaka1
- 1 Utrecht University
Visualisation
Description
The directed acyclic graph (DAG) represents the hypothesized relationships between depression and metabolic profile, including potential confounding variables. Depression was considered the main exposure and metabolic profile the outcome of interest. The covariates included were age, sex, education, smoking and study center and they were selected based on their potential influence on both the exposure and the outcome.
According to the DAG, the minimal sufficient adjustment set for statistical models contained age, sex, education, smoking and study center for estimating the total effect of depression on metabolic profile.
Code
Original
The graph exactly as it was submitted.
opencausal_nkozm8gx.txtDerived
The same graph, converted to other common formats.
This JSON follows CausalJSON 0.2, the Open Causal Graph Format.
{
"$schema": "https://opencausal.org/causaljson/0.2/causaljson.schema.json",
"graph": {
"id": "nkozm8gx",
"version": 1,
"title": "Causal relationship between depressive symptoms and metabolic profile",
"description": "The directed acyclic graph (DAG) represents the hypothesized relationships between depression and metabolic profile, including potential confounding variables. Depression was considered the main exposure and metabolic profile the outcome of interest. The covariates included were age, sex, education, smoking and study center and they were selected based on their potential influence on both the exposure and the outcome.\r\n\r\nAccording to the DAG, the minimal sufficient adjustment set for statistical models contained age, sex, education, smoking and study center for estimating the total effect of depression on metabolic profile.",
"type": "admg",
"created": "2026-09-14T18:17:59+00:00",
"authors": [
{
"given_name": "Melpomeni",
"family_name": "Bazaka",
"orcid": "0009-0005-4396-877X",
"affiliations": [
{
"name": "Utrecht University"
}
]
}
],
"submitter": {
"given_name": "Melpomeni",
"family_name": "Bazaka",
"orcid": "0009-0005-4396-877X"
},
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"rights_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode",
"publisher": "Open Causal",
"language": "en",
"layout": {
"coordinate_system": "screen"
}
},
"nodes": [
{
"id": "Metabolic_Profile",
"label": "Metabolic Profile",
"role": "outcome",
"position": {
"x": 0.14,
"y": 0.643
}
},
{
"id": "Study_center",
"label": "Study center",
"position": {
"x": 0.323,
"y": 0.091
}
},
{
"id": "Age",
"label": "Age",
"position": {
"x": 0.604,
"y": 0.575
}
},
{
"id": "Depression",
"label": "Depression",
"role": "exposure",
"position": {
"x": 0.145,
"y": 0.386
}
},
{
"id": "Education",
"label": "Education",
"position": {
"x": 0.526,
"y": 0.725
}
},
{
"id": "Sex",
"label": "Sex",
"position": {
"x": 0.52,
"y": 0.175
}
},
{
"id": "Smoking",
"label": "Smoking",
"position": {
"x": 0.605,
"y": 0.359
}
}
],
"edges": [
{
"source": "Study_center",
"target": "Metabolic_Profile",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Study_center",
"target": "Depression",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Study_center",
"target": "Education",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Study_center",
"target": "Smoking",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Age",
"target": "Metabolic_Profile",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Age",
"target": "Depression",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Age",
"target": "Smoking",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Depression",
"target": "Metabolic_Profile",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Depression",
"target": "Smoking",
"type": "bidirected"
},
{
"source": "Education",
"target": "Metabolic_Profile",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Education",
"target": "Depression",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Education",
"target": "Smoking",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Sex",
"target": "Metabolic_Profile",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Sex",
"target": "Depression",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Sex",
"target": "Education",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Sex",
"target": "Smoking",
"type": "directed"
},
{
"source": "Smoking",
"target": "Metabolic_Profile",
"type": "directed"
}
]
}
source,target,edge_type Study center,Metabolic Profile,directed Study center,Depression,directed Study center,Education,directed Study center,Smoking,directed Age,Metabolic Profile,directed Age,Depression,directed Age,Smoking,directed Depression,Metabolic Profile,directed Depression,Smoking,bidirected Education,Metabolic Profile,directed Education,Depression,directed Education,Smoking,directed Sex,Metabolic Profile,directed Sex,Depression,directed Sex,Education,directed Sex,Smoking,directed Smoking,Metabolic Profile,directed
dag {
bb="0,0,1,1"
"Metabolic Profile" [outcome,pos="0.140,0.643"]
"Study center" [adjusted,pos="0.323,0.091"]
Age [adjusted,pos="0.604,0.575"]
Depression [exposure,pos="0.145,0.386"]
Education [adjusted,pos="0.526,0.725"]
Sex [adjusted,pos="0.520,0.175"]
Smoking [adjusted,pos="0.605,0.359"]
"Study center" -> "Metabolic Profile"
"Study center" -> Depression
"Study center" -> Education
"Study center" -> Smoking
Age -> "Metabolic Profile"
Age -> Depression
Age -> Smoking
Depression -> "Metabolic Profile"
Depression <-> Smoking
Education -> "Metabolic Profile"
Education -> Depression
Education -> Smoking
Sex -> "Metabolic Profile"
Sex -> Depression
Sex -> Education
Sex -> Smoking
Smoking -> "Metabolic Profile"
}
Discussion
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